Memory as Information

Chiara Marletto has built upon David Deutsch's Construction Theory. She posits that the laws of physics should be interpreted through a counterfactual lens (refer to Article 24: Is Information Matter?). This perspective necessitates an exploration of information's properties, particularly regarding a medium capable of representing information.

Interstellar hydrogen gas is proposed as a fitting medium due to several characteristics identified by Marletto:

• The spin state of a hydrogen atom can change through electron exchange.
• Individual hydrogen atoms can serve as replicas of one another.
• While individual spin states are not directly measurable, their combinations can be.
• An atom's state can evolve in accordance with physical laws.
• Spin state transformations are reversible and maintain the gas's overall energy.

Does Dark Matter Carry an Electrical Charge?

Theoretical cosmologist Julian Muñoz from Harvard University and Avi Loeb, a theoretical physicist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, have been investigating the possibility of dark matter particles possessing a minuscule electrical charge. Muñoz states:

> "We are constraining the possibility that dark matter particles carry a tiny electrical charge — equal to one-millionth that of an electron — through measurable signals from the cosmic dawn." However, proving this theory remains elusive, as such diminutive charges cannot be detected even with the largest particle accelerators.

Principle of Least Action

Nobel laureate Ilya Prigogine's studies on energy transformation and exchange reveal that chaotic behavior often precedes order. When a liquid layer is heated from below, molecular activity initially becomes chaotic (the nonlinear regime) before settling into organized pathways that efficiently transfer heat to the surface, forming visible Bénard or convection cells.

In physics, phenomena arise from energy imbalances, where flows develop to equalize these disparities; molecules trace organized paths to mitigate temperature gradients. The trajectory adopted involves the least action, not necessarily the most direct or time-efficient route.

Within interstellar hydrogen gas near a galaxy's center, elevated temperatures induce chaotic molecular behavior, rendering it an unsuitable medium for information representation. However, as one moves outward from the center, cooling hydrogen gas can transform into a viable medium for information instantiation. Protons and electrons, akin to spinning tops, can align or oppose in their spin states, influencing the energy of the atom.

Collisions between neutral hydrogen atoms or with free electrons enable energy acquisition, albeit infrequently in the sparse interstellar environment. An individual atom might await centuries for a spin-alignment event, and without collisions, an excited hydrogen atom may take about 10 million years to return to its lowest energy state, emitting a photon in the process. The corresponding energy corresponds to a wave with a wavelength of 21 centimeters. Spin, a quantum characteristic, resembles angular momentum but exists in discrete units defined by the modified Planck constant.

The proposition here is that a hydrogen atom in a positive spin state bears a positive charge, while one in a negative spin state exhibits a negative charge. The concentration of dark matter in a galaxy reflects the density of these negatively charged atoms. Over time, the spin states of atoms may shift, consequently altering the dark matter content within galaxies.

Understanding Quantum Spin

Most information in this section is derived from an article by Wilhelm Schultz. Quantum spin, also known as intrinsic angular momentum, is an inherent property that allows particles to possess angular momentum without actual rotation.

Textbooks often suggest that electrons generate a magnetic field due to spinning; however, electrons do not spin. The Stern-Gerlach experiment demonstrates that electrons passing through a magnetic field emerge at discrete points, not distributed across a spectrum, unlike particles with true spin.

> "The magnet field seeks to twist the electron … aligning the electron’s magnetic field with its own. However, the electron does not rotate but precesses."

To comprehend this, we must consider torque, a vector quantity resulting from a force that induces rotation.

> "Although the field aims to twist the electron, the resulting torque alters the angular momentum, causing it to trace a circular path. This phenomenon is termed precession."

In summary, as dark energy generates new space, particles nearby obtain intrinsic angular momentum, producing torsion in the fabric of space. The spiral configurations of galaxies result from dark energy and its associated spin.

Estimating Dark Matter Quantity

Post-star formation, hydrogen gas surrounds the star. As the universe expands due to dark energy, this gas fills the newly created space. In light of the memory foam analogy for space, negatively charged hydrogen atoms adjacent to a star might encode information about it. In essence, dark matter serves as a record of the spatial context surrounding a star.

Space expands in three dimensions, yet many galaxies display a disk-like rather than spherical shape. The hydrogen gas may occupy a volume that is more than a two-dimensional surface but less than a three-dimensional sphere. For discussion, we can assume that the volume increase of hydrogen gas is an average of disk and sphere expansion.

The table below presents the expansion of space for disks and spheres corresponding to stars of varying ages. The relevant formulas are: surface area of a disk: ?r²; volume of a sphere: 4/3?r³. Space expands by 0.074% every billion years. The column labeled "dark matter ratio" indicates the average ratio of dark matter to baryonic matter for galaxies containing stars of that age or younger.

The data assumes a constant star formation rate over time, implying an equal number of stars across age groups. Dark matter associated with a galaxy increases with the age and size of its stars. Approximately 90% of all stars have lifespans exceeding 10 billion years. Given that most galaxies formed around 12 billion years ago, certain stars will be at least 11 billion years old. The volume of dark matter in a galaxy correlates with the expansion of space around its stars. When a new star has a value of 1, dark matter's value corresponds to the square or cube of the percentage increase in new space. As stars age, dark matter continues to accumulate due to spatial growth.

The dark matter number reflects the curvature of space around a star, influenced by the mass of neighboring stars. Consequently, the curvature associated with new space is non-zero. As a star ages, the curvature of space surrounding it intensifies, potentially instantiated in space by the density of negative hydrogen atoms. This curvature induces a gravitational lensing effect on the trajectory of photons near a star or galaxy.

When hydrogen gas around stars assumes a disk-like configuration, the dark matter ratio for a universe containing stars aged 11 billion years or younger could approximate 13. Conversely, if the hydrogen gas takes on a spherical shape, the dark matter ratio might reach around 17. The actual ratio likely lies between these two figures, with an average estimate of 15. Some galaxies are younger than 11 billion years, while older galaxies may cease star production, making this estimate consistent with current dark matter to baryonic matter ratios in the universe.

> Dark matter does not induce curvature in space; it encodes information about the curvature of newly formed space around a star. The formation of a star precedes the emergence of dark matter. The ?CDM model of the universe necessitates revision.

This interpretation posits that dark matter's mass correlates with a negatively charged ion, and the fabric of space conforms to a curvature corresponding to the density of negatively charged ions in hydrogen gas.

Orbital Resonance

In celestial mechanics, orbital resonance arises when orbiting bodies exert periodic gravitational influences on each other, often because their orbital periods relate to small integer ratios. This relationship predominantly occurs between pairs of objects. Although Newton's equation for star rotation velocity solely relies on the mass of a galaxy within a star's radius, it simplifies a more intricate relationship, as a galaxy consists of millions of stars. The notion that a star's velocity could connect with that of a neighboring star aligns with Newton's equations when orbital resonance is factored in.

Innate Choreography

Various scientific theories suggest that dark matter could represent a form of information, eliminating the need for new, empirically challenging concepts like dark matter. Applying Occam's razor — avoiding unnecessary complexity — could yield valuable insights into the idea of dark matter as information.

For instance, physicist Marcus van der Erve proposes:

> "Physics provides a framework for a neural learning model, trained on gravitational displacement data, to swiftly predict the future state of the Universe — in terms of gravitational densities — across various cosmological parameters without additional training. The key lies in gravitational displacement, which, like motion, unfolds along paths of least action. Consequently, the identified patterns represent a least-action choreography, the behavioral signature of gravitational densities. This perspective emerged from correlating the researchers' findings with Prigogine's work on orderly behavior emergence."

The central inquiry of this article is:

> Do terrestrial locations exhibit memory foam characteristics?

For an overview of all forthcoming articles in this series, please visit https://readmedium.com/orbiting-stars-and-origin-of-our-universe-338906930f51.

To acquire a copy of the book ‘Orbiting Stars’, which contains the initial drafts of these articles, please visit https://www.amazon.com.