Mindfulness in Buddhism: A Deeper Exploration Beyond Popular Definitions
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Chapter 1: Understanding Mindfulness
The contemporary interpretation of mindfulness is largely attributed to Jon Kabat-Zinn, Ph.D., a Professor of Medicine emeritus at the University of Massachusetts Medical School. His definition is ubiquitous, appearing in numerous social media posts and countless articles focused on mindfulness.
He defines mindfulness as: “Mindfulness is awareness that arises through paying attention, on purpose, in the present moment, non-judgementally.” — Jon Kabat-Zinn He occasionally adds, “…in the service of self-understanding and wisdom.”
Kabat-Zinn has made significant contributions to the mindfulness movement through his acclaimed Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction (MBSR) program, which began in 1979. His teachings have transformed the lives of thousands, aiding them in stress management, pain coping, and enhancing focus and productivity. I myself have participated in his MBSR course multiple times.
While Kabat-Zinn’s definition is effective in contemporary discussions, how does it compare to the Buddhist perspective on mindfulness? Let’s delve into that.
Section 1.1: The Concept of Sati
In Buddhist traditions, the Pali term “sati” is universally understood as “mindfulness.” Its primary implication is to remember, to recall, or to bring to mind. This interpretation can be traced back to the Buddha’s teachings in the Satipatthana Sutta, also known as The Discourse on the Foundations of Mindfulness. Later Buddhist scholars such as Vasubandhu, Asanga, and Tsongkhapa have echoed this understanding.
The key takeaway is the necessity of remembering to remember. Notably, the concepts of being present or non-judgmental are not explicitly mentioned—though they are indeed relevant in mindfulness practice.
Subsection 1.1.1: The Role of Remembering in Meditation
When practicing mindfulness meditation, what exactly do we need to remember? We recollect the instructions and methods essential for effective practice. It’s crucial to recall the object of focus, whether it be the breath, a physical object, or sensory experiences like surrounding sounds. We must consciously direct our attention to the chosen object and remember to maintain that focus—this is where present-centered mindfulness comes into play.
Furthermore, we must also remember how to regain focus when our minds wander or become dull, indicating that mindfulness entails a consideration of past, present, and future.
Section 1.2: Mindfulness Beyond Meditation
Mindfulness extends beyond the confines of meditation; it is about cultivating awareness in every moment. For instance, while taking my calcium supplement, I realized how easy it would be to inadvertently swallow the small plastic tube meant to preserve freshness. When lost in thought, we often overlook what is directly in front of us—be it a tube in a vitamin bottle or a crucial exit on the freeway.
Practicing mindfulness not only helps prevent mishaps but also reduces negative emotions and fosters positive thoughts, contributing to overall happiness.
Chapter 2: The Connection Between Mindfulness and Happiness
The ancient Indo-Greek King Menander I (known as Milinda in Pali) once inquired of the enlightened monk Nagasena, “What is mindfulness?” Nagasena replied: “Mindfulness, when it arises, calls to mind wholesome and unwholesome tendencies, along with their faults and merits, leading to happiness or suffering.”
This definition intricately links mindfulness to the awareness of one’s actions and their consequences. When consumed by negative emotions like anger or jealousy, unhappiness often follows. Conversely, focusing on peace, kindness, and compassion tends to foster joy.
A mindful individual recognizes the results of their actions, creating mental space to discern beneficial from harmful thoughts and behaviors. This clarity enables wiser decision-making and paves the way for ethical conduct, or “sila” in Sanskrit.
Mindfulness inherently includes a caring attitude (Skt. “apramada”). It necessitates a combination of mental factors, primarily the ability to stay present and the alertness to maintain a compassionate outlook. This caring approach safeguards against negative thoughts and keeps the mind oriented toward positivity.
“Mindfulness meditation should be more than just watching what you are doing. What you really need to watch is your motivation.” — Thubten Zopa Rinpoche
Concluding Thoughts
The definitions of mindfulness diverge between modern interpretations and traditional Buddhist teachings. This isn’t necessarily a matter of right or wrong; rather, each serves its purpose. Kabat-Zinn’s definition, rooted in practicality, can be beneficial for those seeking stress relief or emotional balance.
In contrast, the Buddhist perspective emphasizes the importance of remembering and caring, which can significantly influence whether one’s actions lead to joy or suffering.
What are your thoughts? Does the broader Buddhist definition enhance your understanding of mindfulness, or do you prefer the more popular interpretation?
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Sources: - Mindfulness: The Mental Factors Involved by Dr. Alexander Berzin - The Way of Shamatha Retreat, Session 6 with Buddhist scholar Alan Wallace - My 25 years of Buddhist study and practice.